FAQs

Nirvan Hospital

Frequently Asked Questions

No, the centre does not provide any service of home visits. All the psychological interventions and procedures are conducted only at the hospital premises. However, Online consultation and counselling facilities are available, which can be availed from the comfort of patient's homes ensuring full privacy. Moreover, Courier/Home Delivery of Medicines, if required can also be availed.

The timings are from 9 a.m. to 9 p.m.

The consultation process starts only after registration. Registration can be done after depositing the consultation charge. The registration charges can be paid in cash, demand draft, mobile wallets, digital payment apps. e.g. PAYTM, BHIM, etc are accepted.

Consultation Charges may vary according to consultant. Details can be found under ‘Schedule of charges’ section.

Consultations can be availed from Monday to Saturday 9.00 AM to 9.00 PM and on Sundays from 9.00 AM to 6.00 PM. (Subject to availability of consultants). Kindly enquire at +91 9235442425, 8960211222, 7275172750 before reaching the hospital to check the availability of consultants and to schedule a prior appointment.

Emergency consultations can be availed after paying the requisite charge. Please call at these numbers to ensure availability of medical specialists – Ph.: 0522-4950275 | 4950276 Mob. No. +91-9235442425 | 8960211222

Yes, a consultation is necessary before a patient can be admitted.

If a patient avails an appointment beforehand, then the waiting time is better managed. A prior appointment is very convenient for a consultation.

The patient or a close relative should take an appointment and then register the patient at the hospital using id-proof of the patient and the attendant before consultation can be availed. A proof of relationship is also required.

The payments for consultation can be made through cash, credit/debit card, demand draft or by any digital wallet.

The accommondation fees ranges from Rs. 500/- to Rs. 3000/- per day. Details can be found under ‘Schedule of Charges’ section.

The accommodation fees covers only food and lodging, and all other expenses, like charges for medicines, investigations, doctor’s consultation etc. are chargeable extra.

On an average, admittance of a new patient to the Dormitory ward which is an air conditioned dormitory ward, for a month costs around Rs. 25,000-35,000(+/-4000).This calculation is based on past averages but the cost of treatment is dependent on many factors including age, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, motivation level of the patient, to name a few.

The hospital charges are economical and fixed. For exceptional patients with economic considerations or in cases where the treatment is a prolonged one, the patient can opt for ‘Fixed Package’ as a mode of treatment. However, this facility is available strictly on the recommendation of the Consulting Psychiatrist.

The rooms of admittance range between Rs 2000 and Rs 5000 per day.

The food for the attendants depends upon the room booked.

Laundry services are available on paid basis, but are subject to the availability of staff. Alternatively, the attached washrooms can be utilized for self-service.

First and the last payments of the total bill of the hospital are not payable by cheque, however the payments in between the treatment can be paid by cheque.

No. The hospital requires the consent of the patient along with hospital registration and id proof of patient and close relative (mandatory by law). No patient can be admitted against her/his will so as to prevent any legal action being taken against the centre. This is a process prevalent all over India.

Where the patient is not in a position to give his/her consent, it is mandatory for a close relative of the patient to give the consent along with an id-proof (of the patient and the relative) and also a relationship proof, e.g husband-wife (for each other), mother-father (for dependent children).

Yes, ambulance services are available both for local and outstation patients.

I] All distances up to 40 kilometers will be treated as within city limits Rs 2500/- fixed charge for ambulance and medical team.

II] For outstation patients Rs 20/- per kilometer plus Rs 4000/- for the medical team accompanying the ambulance (for every 600kms).

(Impt: ambulance charges are applicable for round trip – from hospital and back to hospital).

Note: Kindly confirm the estimated ambulance charge from helpdesk by dialing 8960211222, 7275172750.

To avail the ambulance service – A close relative of the patient will have to approach the hospital physically and complete the registration formalities before the ambulance can be sent for the patient.

According to modern psychiatry, addiction is a disorder and is not considered merely a habit. Thus, habits can be treated without the use of medications but diseases can’t be treated without the use of the appropriate medications. The use of medications can also depend on the motivation level or willingness of the patient to be treated..

The centre does not accept any health insurance cover or mode of payment.

The health packages are only reserved for patients who require long-term care and treatment or who have affordability issues. New patients are admitted first and are given a health package option if the doctors deem fit. These packages are non-refundable in the case of premature discharge..

Any outside psychologists can be consulted only on the advice of the Nirvan hospital psychiatrist..

Yes, it is mandatory to admit a patient for the first 3 days, at the least. Thereafter, the admittance depends on the willingness/capacity of the patient or the attendant.

No. AC and non-AC wards are separate. Non AC wards are air cooled.

Ward fee includes lodging only. Fooding provided by hospital mess is complimentary.

The ward includes clean toilets, round the clock medical assistance, clean linen and bed sheets, to name a few..

Only one attendant may accompany the patient in a private room. No attendants are allowed in the ward section.

No outside, unpacked food is allowed inside the wards.

The hospital provides a mess facility so food is given according to the hospital menu.

Special requests are entertained subject to availability of the food in question, medical condition and account situation of the patient, on chargeable basis. It is recommended that an attendant from the family of patient should stay in hospital to take care of special food requirements of the patient.

Yes. Since these gadgets may hamper the treatment of the patient or can be misused by the patient or/and the other patients. The patients are subject to a physical check before entering the ward premises. However, mobile phone may be allowed in Family rooms(Super Deluxe Rooms) subject to discretion of doctors and hospitals management, on patient’s / attendant’s request.

The patient can take his/her personal clothes, shoes, slippers. All other belongings which may cause any type of harm to the patient like shaving kit, etc are not allowed and will be confiscated and handed to the relative of the patient. The “nada” or string of a pyjama or a salwar can be misused for strangulation.

No, any type of medication is not part of the ward fee, and is payable separately.

Yes, outside medications are provided if required according to the need of a patient subject to extra charge.

If a package is availed, then it is completely non-refundable. If there are any dues left at the time of discharge, then the family has to pay them and if there is an excess credit balance, then the hospital will refund the money at the time of discharge, preferably to the bank account of the payee. If the patient absconds no refund is permissible.

The hospital maintains the best possible security measure, but in the event a patient absconds, the hospital informs the family of the patient, instantly. At the time of admission of a patient, the relative (attendant) mandatorily undertakes the responsibility of the patient for such an eventuality.

Books or any text-related paraphernalia are not allowed inside the hospital. The daily schedule of the hospital itself is very comprehensive which spares no time for the patient, but the hospital does provide with game materials for the patients in their free time. The hospital also provides all rooms with television facilities and has a projector facility for special screenings of films.

The family can visit the hospital not more than once a week. In exceptional cases two visits may be allowed.

The family themselves will have to either contact the hospital or make a visit for progress of the patient. The hospital does not provide any online updates.

No, there is no library facility.

No, only direct relatives and any other person(s) permitted by the patient’s family are allowed to meet with the patient inside the hospital.

Yes, multiple patients share the ward space.

Yes, there are CCTV cameras installed in both wards and rooms for security and surveillance purposes..

The hospital is also connected by Metro Rail. Metro can be boarded from the Airport or the Charbagh Railway Station upto Munshi Puliya station, which is a mere 2.6 km away.

No, the centre does not have any branches.

The Nirvan centre is entirely a private organization and is not funded by any government or non-government organization. The centre does not accept any kind of donations from any individual or any group or organization.

Some of the specialty clinics are –

  • Andrology (Sex) Clinic
  • Psychosomatic Medicine & Sleep Clinic
  • Geriatrics & Memory Clinic
  • Headache/ Fits
  • Adolescent Problems
  • Carrier & Family Counsellings (by experts).

The time limit depends on the particular diagnosis, prognosis, compliance with the treatment, level of motivation, age and various other factors of the patient in question. In case of de-addiction, it can usually take from 2 weeks to 2 months time depending on the severity of damage done to the patient. Post-hospitalization phase is equally important and it requires the patient to come for periodic psychiatric follow-ups. Any other medical condition requires a minimum period of 2-3 days for a comprehensive diagnosis and establishing a treatment process for the patient.

No. The centre treats all forms of mental illnesses, all forms of addictions like marijuana and alcohol addictions and any problems related to Andrology or sexual problems.

No, the centre only treats patients with psychiatric disorder. In the case of a secondary biological disease or disability, the centre will get the (in-door) patient transferred to or be consulted for treatment elsewhere with separate payments as applicable

The centre treats children only on the basis of professional medical opinions.

Yes

Yes, the centre has been awarded the most promising de-addiction and psychiatric centre in India in the year 2018. This is one of the premier institutes and has been awarded by various other forums. The founding psychiatrist Dr. H.K. Agarwal has also been awarded with Excellence in the Profession citations and commendations.

The centre does provide hypnotherapy services, subject to the availability of the hypnotherapist. The centre does not provide any graphology services.

The centre only has psychological diagnostic facilities apart from ECG/EEG and brain mapping facilities. Other diagnostic tools are done in accordance with the respective tie-ups that the centre has with other organizations and are organized by the centre itself. For example, in the case of getting an ultrasound or MRI done, the centre will provide an ambulance for transport to that particular organization with which the centre has a tie-up with and will transport the patient back.

The treatment is given by either one psychiatrist or multiple psychiatrists depending upon the patient and the severity of the illness at hand. Group discussions and group therapies are also a part of the treatment and are conducted by the RCI certified clinical psychologists of the centre.

Yes, it is mandatory for the family of the patient to meet with the doctors at least once a week and discuss the progress of the treatment with the concerned medical professionals. They are also liable to discuss/share any relevant detail about the patient which they might have missed out during the admittance/consultation procedure. This may help out with the further treatment of the patient.

Yes, alcohol dependence can be treated here. The hospital has been awarded as one of the best de-addiction centre pan India.

The hospital admits patients of all age-groups, but the conditional requirements are that the patient should be physically fit and he/she should be able to walk at least a kilometer without any support and do all the basic activities on their own. Those patients which have uncontrolled diabetes or any other ailments which require any other immediate medical attention more than the addiction or psychological ailment cannot be admitted to the hospital.

Yes, the hospital can discharge a patient if the patient has any other illness which requires more medical attention apart from the addiction or psychological ailment. Those patients who are willing to get discharged on their own and who are in the capacity to get discharged on their own, along with those patients whose billing is not being done properly are liable to be discharged by the hospital’s accord.

The hospital maintains the best possible security measure, but in the event a patient absconds, the hospital informs the family of the patient, instantly. At the time of admission of a patient, the relative (attendant) mandatorily undertakes the responsibility of the patient for such an eventuality.

No. During the treatment period, only the attendants can be allowed to leave the centre premises depending on the permissibility and condition of the patient at hand.

No. During the treatment period, only the attendants can be allowed to leave the centre premises depending on the permissibility and condition of the patient at hand.

Books or any text-related paraphernalia are not allowed inside the hospital. The daily schedule of the hospital itself is very comprehensive which spares no time for the patient, but the hospital does provide with game materials for the patients in their free time. The hospital also provides all rooms with television facilities and has a projector facility for special screenings of films.

The family can visit the hospital not more than once a week. In exceptional cases two visits may be allowed.

No, only direct relatives and any other person(s) permitted by the patient’s family are allowed to meet with the patient inside the hospital.

Visiting Time : Between 10 am to 5 pm Permitted Time with Patient : 20 minutes only Visiting Days : Monday to Saturday Frequency of Visit : Once a week Visitors/Relatives are informed that no mobile phone, or any sharp object will be allowed to be carried inside the wards and the rooms during the visit. Any other material, specially string-like will also not be allowed in the wards or the room. The above precautions are taken to avoid any harm that the patient may cause to himself/herself by its wrong usage. Outside food is also not permitted.
Schizophrenia is a serious mental health disorder, but it is treatable and manageable with proper care. Treatment mainly includes antipsychotic medications that help reduce symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Along with medication, psychological therapies such as CBT, counseling, and social skills training support recovery and improve daily functioning. Family support, rehabilitation programs, and regular follow-ups also play an important role. With early diagnosis and consistent treatment, many individuals with schizophrenia can live stable, productive, and meaningful lives.

At Nirvan Hospital, Lucknow, experienced psychiatrists for schizophrenia include Dr. H. K. Agarwal (MD Psychiatry, FIPS) and Dr. Deeptanshu Hanu Agarwal (MD Psychiatry). They specialize in diagnosing and managing complex mental health conditions like schizophrenia using antipsychotic medications, regular follow-ups, and long-term care plans. The hospital also provides supportive therapy, counseling, and rehabilitation services. With a multidisciplinary approach and continuous monitoring, they help patients control symptoms, reduce relapse, and improve daily functioning for a more stable and balanced life.

Five common signs of schizophrenia include hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not real), delusions (strong false beliefs), disorganized thinking or speech, reduced emotional expression, and withdrawal from social activities. Some people may also show changes in behavior, poor concentration, or lack of motivation. These symptoms can affect daily functioning, and early medical evaluation is important for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Early warning signs of schizophrenia often develop gradually and may include social withdrawal, decline in personal hygiene, unusual or suspicious thoughts, difficulty concentrating, changes in sleep patterns, reduced emotional expression, and mild hallucination-like experiences or confusion in thinking. These early symptoms can be subtle at first but may worsen over time. Early identification and timely psychiatric evaluation are important for better treatment outcomes and long-term management.

The best doctor for schizophrenia is a psychiatrist, as they are medical doctors trained to diagnose and treat severe mental health conditions. They can prescribe antipsychotic medications, monitor symptoms, and manage long-term treatment plans.

For better outcomes, treatment often works best when a psychiatrist is supported by a clinical psychologist or therapist for counseling and rehabilitation. In hospitals like Nirvan Hospital, Lucknow, experienced psychiatrists such as Dr. H. K. Agarwal (MD Psychiatry) and Dr. Deeptanshu Hanu Agarwal (MD Psychiatry) provide specialized care for schizophrenia.

The cost of schizophrenia treatment in India varies depending on the hospital, severity of the condition, and type of care required. On average, monthly medication costs range from ₹500 to ₹3,000, while psychiatrist consultation fees are usually ₹500 to ₹1,500 per visit. If hospitalization or intensive care is needed, costs can increase significantly depending on the duration and facility.

Long-term treatment is often required, but many hospitals offer affordable psychiatric care and follow-up support to make treatment more accessible.

A correct fact about schizophrenia is that it is a chronic but treatable mental health disorder that affects a person’s thinking, emotions, and behavior. It is not a “split personality” disorder, as commonly misunderstood.

Another accurate fact is that schizophrenia is caused by a combination of genetic, brain chemistry, and environmental factors, and it can be effectively managed with antipsychotic medications, therapy, and long-term support. With proper treatment, many people are able to lead stable and meaningful lives.

The four main domains of schizophrenia are positive symptoms, negative symptoms, cognitive symptoms, and affective (mood-related) symptoms. Positive symptoms include hallucinations and delusions. Negative symptoms involve reduced emotional expression, lack of motivation, and social withdrawal. Cognitive symptoms affect memory, attention, and decision-making. Affective symptoms include depression, anxiety, and mood disturbances that often accompany the disorder.

There is no single best treatment for schizophrenia, but the most successful approach is a combination of care. This includes antipsychotic medications to control symptoms like hallucinations and delusions, along with psychological therapies such as CBT and family therapy. Rehabilitation programs, regular follow-ups, and strong family support are also important. When treatment is continued consistently and started early, many patients can manage symptoms effectively and lead stable, productive, and meaningful lives with improved daily functioning and reduced relapse risk.

The “25% rule” for schizophrenia is a general clinical observation often used in teaching, which suggests that outcomes can be roughly divided into groups: about 25% of patients may recover significantly or have minimal symptoms, around 25% may have persistent severe symptoms, and the remaining patients fall in between with partial recovery and recurring episodes.

It is not a strict scientific rule, but it highlights that schizophrenia has highly variable outcomes depending on early treatment, medication adherence, support systems, and individual factors.

The 4 A’s of schizophrenia describe key negative and cognitive features of the disorder: Affect flattening, Alogia, Avolition, and Anhedonia. Affect flattening refers to reduced emotional expression, alogia means reduced speech or difficulty speaking, avolition is a lack of motivation to start or complete activities, and anhedonia is the inability to feel pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. These symptoms often affect daily functioning and social relationships.

Schizophrenia is generally considered a long-term (chronic) mental health condition, which means it can last for many years and sometimes throughout life. However, it does not mean symptoms are always severe or constant.

With proper treatment especially antipsychotic medications, therapy, and regular follow-ups many people experience significant improvement and long periods of stability. Some may have only occasional relapses, while others can manage symptoms very effectively and lead a normal, functional life. Early diagnosis and continuous care greatly improve outcomes.

Schizophrenia symptoms may feel worse at night due to several factors. At night, there is often less external stimulation, which can make hallucinations, intrusive thoughts, or paranoia feel more noticeable. Fatigue and disrupted sleep can also increase confusion, anxiety, and emotional instability. Additionally, irregular sleep patterns and changes in brain activity during the night may worsen perception and thinking difficulties. Proper sleep hygiene and treatment can help reduce these nighttime symptom flare-ups.

Yes, good sleep is very important for people with schizophrenia. Proper sleep helps improve mood, thinking ability, attention, and emotional stability. Poor or irregular sleep can worsen symptoms like hallucinations, confusion, anxiety, and irritability. Maintaining a regular sleep schedule, avoiding caffeine at night, and following prescribed treatment can help improve sleep quality. In many cases, better sleep also supports overall recovery and reduces the risk of symptom relapse. However, sleep alone is not a treatment and should be combined with medical care.

Some people with schizophrenia may try to live without medication, but in most cases it is not recommended, especially if symptoms are active or moderate to severe. Antipsychotic medications help control hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, and stopping them often increases the risk of relapse.

In a few mild or stable cases, a psychiatrist may carefully reduce or adjust medication under close supervision, but this is done only when symptoms are well controlled. Most individuals achieve the best and safest outcomes with long-term treatment combined with therapy, support, and regular follow-ups.

No, schizophrenia cannot be safely self-treated. It is a serious mental health condition that usually requires professional psychiatric care, including antipsychotic medication, therapy, and regular monitoring.

Self-treatment or avoiding treatment can worsen symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, confusion, and difficulty functioning in daily life. Early diagnosis and proper medical support greatly improve outcomes. While healthy habits like good sleep, stress management, and avoiding drugs or alcohol can support recovery, they cannot replace medical treatment.

hree of the most life-threatening mental health conditions are:

  • Major Depressive Disorder (Severe Depression) – It carries a high risk of suicide, especially when untreated or when symptoms become severe and persistent.
  • Anorexia Nervosa (Eating Disorder) – Considered one of the highest mortality rates among mental illnesses due to complications like organ failure, malnutrition, and suicide risk.
  • Schizophrenia (Severe or Untreated Cases) – While treatable, severe cases can increase risks due to suicide, poor self-care, and associated health complications.

Early diagnosis, continuous treatment, and strong support significantly reduce these risks and improve outcomes.

Schizophrenia has a genetic component, but it is not caused by genetics alone. People with a family history of schizophrenia have a higher risk, but most individuals with the condition do not have an affected relative.

It develops due to a combination of genetic factors, brain chemistry, and environmental influences such as stress, trauma, or complications during brain development. Having genetic risk does not mean a person will definitely develop schizophrenia, but it may increase vulnerability.

Schizophrenia does not usually cause direct changes in eyesight, but it can affect how a person perceives what they see. People may experience visual hallucinations, where they see things that are not actually present, or misinterpret real visual information due to altered thinking and perception.

These changes are related to brain processing rather than problems with the eyes themselves. If someone with schizophrenia reports vision changes, it is also important to rule out eye or neurological conditions with a medical evaluation.

The best lifestyle for schizophrenia focuses on stability, routine, and overall mental and physical well-being. A regular sleep schedule is very important, as good sleep helps reduce symptoms like confusion and hallucinations. A balanced diet, light physical activity, and avoiding alcohol or drugs also support recovery.

Following prescribed medication consistently and attending therapy sessions are key parts of management. Stress reduction techniques such as mindfulness, relaxation exercises, and staying in a calm environment can help. Strong family support and a structured daily routine further improve stability and quality of life.

Sleep can be difficult in schizophrenia, but improving sleep hygiene and routine can help. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day, avoiding caffeine or heavy meals at night, and reducing screen time before sleep. A calm, quiet, and dark sleeping environment can also improve rest.

Following prescribed medication regularly is important, as some medicines help stabilize sleep patterns. Relaxation techniques like deep breathing or listening to soft music may also help. If sleep problems continue, it is important to consult a psychiatrist for proper adjustment of treatment.

Schizophrenia can be managed at home with consistent medical treatment and a structured, supportive environment. The most important step is taking prescribed medications regularly and attending follow-up appointments with a psychiatrist. A stable daily routine with proper sleep, balanced meals, and light physical activity also helps improve stability. Family support plays a key role: calm communication, avoiding stress or arguments, and encouraging adherence to treatment are important. Reducing triggers like alcohol, drugs, and excessive stress can also help prevent relapse. If symptoms worsen, professional help should be sought immediately.

Schizophrenia affects people across all genders, cultures, and backgrounds, but it most commonly appears in late adolescence to early adulthood, typically between the ages of late teens and early 30s. Men tend to show slightly earlier onset compared to women.

Risk is higher in individuals with a family history of schizophrenia, exposure to significant early-life stress, or certain neurodevelopmental factors. However, it is important to understand that anyone can develop schizophrenia, and it is not caused by a single factor.

Schizophrenia is not actually increasing rapidly; it has always existed at a relatively stable rate worldwide. It appears more common now due to better awareness, improved diagnosis, reduced stigma, and increased reporting. Greater stress, substance use, and urban lifestyle factors may also contribute to earlier detection of symptoms.

Schizophrenia is sometimes wrongly called “split mind” because of a misunderstanding of the word itself. The term comes from Greek words meaning “split” (schizo) and “mind” (phren), but it does not mean split personality or multiple identities.

Instead, it refers to a “split” or disruption in thinking, emotions, and perception, where a person may have difficulty distinguishing what is real and what is not. This outdated term has led to confusion, and schizophrenia is not the same as multiple personality disorder (dissociative identity disorder).

Conditions close to schizophrenia include schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder with psychotic features, brief psychotic disorder, and delusional disorder. These illnesses may involve hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized thinking, but differ in duration, severity, and mood involvement. Proper psychiatric evaluation is essential to correctly distinguish and diagnose these related mental health conditions.

There is currently no complete “cure” for schizophrenia, but the latest treatments focus on better symptom control and long-term stability. These include newer antipsychotic medications with fewer side effects, long-acting injectable drugs, and advanced therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive remediation, and digital mental health support for relapse prevention.

Schizophrenia most commonly begins in late adolescence to early adulthood. The typical onset age is between 16 and 30 years, with men often developing symptoms slightly earlier (late teens to early 20s) and women later (mid-20s to early 30s). Rarely, it can start in childhood or after age 40.

The first red flag of schizophrenia is often a gradual change in behavior or thinking, such as social withdrawal, loss of interest in activities, declining performance in work or studies, and unusual thoughts or suspiciousness. Some people may also experience early mild hallucinations or difficulty concentrating and organizing thoughts.

Schizophrenia is very rare in early childhood, but the youngest documented cases can appear in children as young as 6–7 years old, known as childhood-onset schizophrenia. This form is extremely uncommon and often more severe. Most cases still begin in the teenage years or early adulthood (around 16–30 years).

Yes, schizophrenia can run in families, which means genetics play a role in increasing risk. If a close family member has schizophrenia, the chances are higher compared to the general population. However, most people with a family history do not develop the condition, as environmental and brain-related factors also contribute.

Schizophrenia generally cannot be effectively treated without medication in most cases. Antipsychotic medicines are the primary treatment to control symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking. Without medication, there is a high risk of symptom worsening and relapse.

However, therapy, family support, and rehabilitation can help improve functioning and recovery when used along with medication. In rare mild or early cases, a psychiatrist may adjust treatment plans, but medical supervision is always essential.

There is currently no single genetic test that can diagnose schizophrenia. While researchers have identified many genes linked to increased risk, schizophrenia is a complex condition caused by multiple genetic and environmental factors.Genetic testing may sometimes be used in research or to understand risk patterns, but diagnosis is made through clinical evaluation, symptoms, and psychiatric assessment rather than a lab test.

No, schizophrenia is not considered a lifestyle disease. It is a complex mental health disorder influenced by genetic, biological, and environmental factors, including brain chemistry and neurodevelopment.

While lifestyle factors like stress, substance use, and sleep problems can affect symptom severity or trigger episodes, they do not directly cause schizophrenia.